How it Happened:
There were a number of influences that together spelled the downfall of the bank.
From 2020 through 2021, Silicon Valley Bank took in incredibly high deposits through PPP loans and through clients that were taking their companies public through a Special Purpose Acquisition Vehicle (SPAC). SVB took those deposits and decided to invest in long-term bonds, such as mortgages and treasuries, while interest rates were low.
2022 was a very different year. Silicon Valley Bank’s unique customer base of private companies started to need cash and, as a result, pull their deposits. In addition, interest rates also increased, which negatively impacted the mark-to-market value of its longer-term bonds.
In an effort to appropriately deal with the impacts of its mark-to-market losses, the bank used a valid accounting change to consider those bonds “held to maturity.” (Any bonds that are held to maturity do not need to be updated with the market value but can be held on the books at cost.)
Unfortunately, you cannot hedge interest rate risk for bonds in the “held to maturity” category, meaning the bank could not appropriately hedge interest rate risk for these longer-term bonds (of which they had many).
The combination of reducing deposits, too few assets that were marked at the market (or consistent with the current market value), and growing withdrawals forced the bank to sell their held-to-maturity bonds. When they sold these assets, the paper losses became realized, and those losses effectively overwhelmed the bank’s equity, causing the bank to fail.
All of this happened over the course of a week — and mostly over a two-day period. The stock was worth $267.83 close of business Wednesday and worthless by the close of business Friday.
Did Silicon Valley Bank do anything wrong?
SVB did not break any written rules, but they did not effectively hedge their interest rate risk. Poor risk management ultimately spelled their doom. It would have been easy enough to reduce purchases of so many long-term bonds back in 2021, but the appeal for the bank to make a little bit more money on their deposits was likely too strong. Also, how many market participants expected the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates so much so quickly? They were unprepared for the shifting market environment.
Some have said it was a “bank run.” Is that right? Yes, there are really three reasons why depositors pulled their money out. Many depositors needed money because their startup businesses were not as successful as anticipated due to the market environment. In addition, some depositors wanted higher interest rates they could achieve with a money market fund (4.5% vs. 1% at many banks). And when depositors realized that the bank’s tangible equity was falling, those with more than the FDIC-insured limit of $250,000 on deposit decided to take their additional savings out to be safe.
Is this a risk for the big banks (over $250B in assets)? Big banks are stress-tested regularly and are required to hedge their interest rate risk. As a result, those banks are not at risk of the same problems as Silicon Valley Bank.
What about smaller banks? Yes, some smaller banks with more aggressive treasury operations (what they choose to do with the deposits and how they hedge or not) are at risk. Signature Bank of New York has been seized by regulators. Other midsize banks (which have less than $250 billion in assets) seem to have low tangible equity. Banks can be notoriously difficult to analyze, so we expect many who invest for dividends to find greener pastures.
Impact on the market? We’re not sure yet how this will impact the market other than introducing more volatility. Some believe that the Fed must stop raising interest rates immediately to stem the losses of these poorly performing long-term bonds on bank balance sheets, while others think the Fed needs to continue to raise rates to combat inflation.
One thing is certain: bond market volatility, as measured by the MOVE Index, is likely to be heading higher. Last year, when the MOVE index increased, financial conditions tightened, the stock market declined, and the economy slowed. A similar scenario could be the case again in 2023.
That said, it’s important to recognize events like this do happen and keep in mind that we invest for long-term returns. Depositors will be okay as FDIC insures deposits up to certain limits. Equity holders of the banks may not. Brokerage accounts are also insured to certain limits by the SIPC. For more information on the SIPC, or Securities Investor Protection Corporation, see SIPC Insurance: Understand Your Coverage and Protections – NerdWallet.
We encourage you to follow reputable news sources for more minute-to-minute developments. But rest assured, we will be paying careful attention to it ourselves and will reach out again if needed. If you have any questions about this or your portfolio, please give us a call or send us an email!
Best,
The Trademark Capital® Team
This material is intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, accounting, tax, investment, or other professional advice. Trademark Capital’s investment strategies are built using quantitative, proprietary algorithms that are designed to identify and react to changing market conditions. However, investors should be aware that no investment strategy or risk management technique can guarantee returns or eliminate risk in any given market environment. As with all investments, Trademark Capital Management’s investment strategies are subject to risk and may lose money. The investment strategies presented are not appropriate for every investor and individual clients should review with their financial advisors the terms and conditions and risk involved with specific products or services. Due to our active risk management, our managed portfolios may underperform during bull markets. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
